Synthesis Essay That Compares the Short Story “All the Troubles of the World” by Isaac Asimov to Minority Report

Today we keep on depending on PCs and innovation increasingly more all through our every day lives. PCs are likewise turning out to be progressively ground-breaking and increasingly smart. Anyway as PCs proceed with take on increasingly more of our occupations they are additionally getting progressively helpless for blunders. â€Å"All the difficulties of the world† by Isaac Asimov and â€Å"Minority Report† were both about PCs that are totally different. Anyway the two of them had significant defects in their frameworks. The PCs frameworks in â€Å"All the difficulties of the world† by Isaac Asimov and Minority Report were both very different.In â€Å"All the difficulties of the world† by Isaac Asimov the whole world is constrained by Multivac. Multivac is answerable for earth's economy, forestalling wrongdoing and records each and every well established reality about every earthman. Multivac additionally goes about as a type of god. Offering direction to its excited clients in return for each and every one of their contemplations. Anyway in â€Å"Minority Report† the PC depends vigorously on human information. Actually the whole framework depends on three skilled people called Pre-Cogs. The Pre-Cogs have a unique capacity to see murders occurring in the future.They got this exceptional capacity from their folks who were dependent on an incredible medication. Not at all like Multivac, the Pre-Cog framework depends vigorously on human information. The framework expects experts to decode the Pre-Cogs dreams and make sense of the area of the homicide. The Pre-Cog framework is just being used in the region of Washington D. C. , though Multivac conducts its procedure on a worldwide scale. Anyway both the PCs in â€Å"All the difficulties of the world† and â€Å"Minority Report† had significant defects in their systems.Multivac the PC in â€Å"All the difficulties of the world† gained from the humans†¦ The inclination to fall to pieces. PCs depend on rationale and implosion isn't intelligent. Though in â€Å"Minority Report† the Pre-Cogs would now and then can't help contradicting one another. Some of the time two out of the three Pre-Cogs would foresee the future while simultaneously the other Pre-Cog sees it in another. These uncommon events are called Minority reports. This defect was exploited by Lamar Burgess a character in the movie.Lamar Burgess figured out how to kill somebody at precisely the same time and area in precisely the same style. This significant defect in the Pre-Cog framework prompted the death of the pre wrongdoing division in the film. â€Å"All the difficulties of the world† by Isaac Asimov and â€Å"Minority Report† was both about PCs who were liable for complex undertakings and how they had significant defects in their frameworks. In â€Å"All the difficulties of the world† by Isaac Asimov â€Å"Multivac† the principle PC c ontrolled basically everything.The individuals in the story even appeared to venerate Multivac like a type of a divine being. Anyway throughout the years Multivac created human characteristics and became tired. While in the film â€Å"Minority Report† the Pre-Cog framework utilizes profoundly talented people who can predict violations later on. Anyway simply like Multivac the framework had defects which made it workable for individuals to kill without getting captured. In both the story and in the film the two PCs had significant blemishes which prompted their death.

Risk Management and the Supply Chain Research Paper

Hazard Management and the Supply Chain - Research Paper Example As per the exploration discoveries, it can, thusly, be said that unlikelihood in an event of obscure hazard is viewed as a harming variable to flexibly chain of associations. For example, these events are ascribed different catastrophic events, which incorporate seismic tremors and storms. A noteworthy part of obscure hazard is outcomes that can't be foreordained; through they effectsly affect the flexibly chain of an association. For instance, the tremor is a sort of obscure hazard, which happened in Japan on March 11, 2010, prompting the annihilation of frameworks that bolstered flexibly chain in the nation. For this situation, this obscure hazard intruded on the force frameworks and devastated foundations by dumping flotsam and jetsam on streets, which meddled with the vehicle framework. Apparently, this seismic tremor prompted a critical interference of a flexibly chain, which is related with various Japanese organizations. Clearly, there were interferences brought about by this catastrophe, for example, ending creation in organizations working from the north and east of Japan; indeed, they had to empty. In this manner, these organizations were exposed to this obscure danger of results, for example, shutting the plant because of stun brought about by the seismic tremor were not envisioned. On the organizations influenced by this catastrophe was Renesas, which is a producer of microcontrollers, whereby they were exposed to this obscure hazard that prompted the conclusion of six offices. Harms coming about because of this fiasco negatively affect different segments that help gracefully chains, for example, ports, railroad lines, and streets. In this manner, products are neither moved to nearby nor global markets. For example, an event of the earth in Japan prompted an impedance of tasks in different associations that are advertise based, for example, Sony, whose flexibly chain was fundamentally influenced. Clearly, the effect of this seismic tremor was likewi se transmitted to the worldwide market since different nations experience a decrease of the car parts and hardware that are offered by Japanese advertisers to universal markets. The most effective method to Mitigate the Risk Unknown hazard is relieved by putting resources into limit and sourcing repetition so as to create flexibility in a gracefully chain. For this situation, the viability of flexibly chain offers a method of alleviating hazard, which is brought about by events, for example, seismic tremors. In any case, expanding the adequacy of the flexibly chain requires an investigating examination of exchange offs included. Putting resources into repetition can permit an organization to build its adaptability as far as flexibly chain, whereby it is incorporated with double sourcing and excess assembling limit, which can be founded on seaward nations. In this way, expanding adaptability can encourage diminishing expense of shipping items starting with one area then onto the next . Putting resources into excess can help an organization in taking care of the issues related by flexibly chain, for example, interferences of the vehicle framework brought about by seismic tremors. Then again, this hazard can be relieved through an expansion of speed in detecting and reacting to the seismic tremor fiascos and this requires an organization to have the ability to react to these startling issues in a convenient and sufficient way.

Tata Motors Capture Increase Market Share In India Marketing Essay

Goodbye Motors Capture Increase Market Share In India Marketing Essay The securing of the two worldwide brands-Jaguar and Land Rover acts in a vital manner to increment and build up the brand notoriety and the nature of items for Tata Motors. It gives a lot of chance to the Indian customer and the creating Indian car market can likewise help the dispatch of brands in the long haul. It can procure economies of scale through segment sourcing and minimal effort designing. Shortcoming: With various item portfolios for the two brands it will be a difficult errand ahead to advertise the equivalent in the value touchy Indian market. Be that as it may, this could be defeated through appropriate statistical surveying. Another worry is the decreasing picture because of the proceeded with misfortunes and a de spurred work power because of the adjustment in the board. With right preparing and motivations and legitimate showcasing techniques the organization can change over these negatives to qualities. Openings: This dispatch is an extraordinary open door for the Indian client and focus on the developing Indian market. Vehicle advertise is creating in India and set with dispatch of Nano, Tata Motors will be in a decent position catch a bigger portion of the market. Dangers: Expanding fuel costs joined with worldwide emergency will be a test for the organization to remain above water and over come the misfortunes. Likewise the solid rivalry can undermine the normal deals of the organization. Anyway the characteristic money related and administrative quality of the combination ought to have the option to let the organization withstand the difficulties and push forward. A threat that remaining parts is that with the new proprietorship universal brand loyalties may change and clients may move towards different models in the market. Ansoff Matrix: The Ansoff Matrix is a logical instrument that causes chiefs to devise their item and market development systems. It comprises of four development systems to be specific Market infiltration, Market Development under new and existing and markets AND Product improvement, Diversification under new and existing products.â [2]â Ansoff Matrix- Existing item New item Existing business sector Market entrance This system principally applies for those organizations that emphasis on selling existing items in the current markets. It is an okay methodology and assists with expanding the piece of the overall industry of its㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢ current products.â [3]â Item advancement This procedure includes organizations meaning to sell new items in existing markets. This methodology is additionally a purpose behind obtaining another organization as the expenses of beginning another organization can be spared and various sorts of clients can be provided food. This system is likewise helpful for organizations utilizing brand extension strategies.â [4]â New market Market Development This strategy serves for those organizations that apply the methodology of selling existing items into more up to date markets. [5] Such procedures are utilized by organizations that intend to extend their business and accomplish higher client base. Expansion It alludes to the high hazard development procedure that includes a business promoting new items in new markets. Parent organizations can profit by having a nearness in a scope of items and markets in various locales of the world.â [6]â Market Penetration- Goodbye could proceed with a similar methodology that it had embraced for the UK for the remainder of world. The home, car and open cantina models of Jaguar and the Freelander and Range Rover game of Land Rover selling in the current markets UK can assist them with gaining benefits and increment in deals in different markets because of the notoriety of the brands. For the new models that are wanted to dispatch, advancing and promoting can be a decent decision for the organizations to keep up their situation in the market and to pull in more purchasers and assemble client devotion. Goodbye Indica and other business vehicles like Tata Ace are instances of Tata㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s showcase infiltration procedure that exist in the current markets are as yet acquiring them incredible benefits. Market Development Goodbye Motors have applied this methodology to this dispatch plan as they are as of now selling the most popular and exceptionally refreshing results of both the brands, for example, the XF, XK and XJ models of Jaguar and Defender, Discovery, Range Rover Sport and Range Rover models of Land Rover in the Indian market that is totally new for both the organizations. Likewise, while the other long and momentary plans are being planned, these items can assist the firm with having an incredible prologue to the market and the audits can help the business in getting ready for their future kinds of items. Setting up prevalence and brand reliability with effective items can be a decent alternative for the firm in any case in India. Item Development- Goodbye Motors are propelling the littlest vehicle the acclaimed Tata Nano in the Indian markets which is another item by the firm and propelled in existing markets of India and different nations where Tata Motors work. This vehicle can be valuable for the firm as they can without much of a stretch create benefits through this item just as their image name. Additionally, the firm can contend with different organizations in a similar market with the assistance of these items. Goodbye Starbus and Tata Xover are other new items that have been propelled by Tata Motors in India and other existing markets of Tata Motors. Enhancement The new items arranged by Tata Motors through the Jaguar and Land Rover brands can be ordered in broadening. The organization plans of assembling half breed, electric and bio-powers based and ecological cordial vehicles with the assistance of most recent innovation through both of these brands which can be valuable in boosting the brand picture of the firm. Likewise, there might be an expansion in the benefits of the firm as the crossover vehicles are supposed to be the eventual fate of cars so as to spare the earth from contamination. These new items propelled in the new markets of India and others can be named as enhanced methodology of the firm. Goodbye Nano can likewise be remembered for this system as it is additionally another item and is intended to be propelled into new markets of African and Asian nations. Resource drove promoting: Resource drove showcasing is a technique that is embraced by the business for the deals of their items or administrations. Here, the firm uses its impalpable resources for presenting another item in the market. Goodbye Motors is a settled and notable firm and a piece of the parent organization Tata and Sons. Along these lines, so as to dispatch its items or administrations in the market and start off with prompt deals and benefits, Tatas can utilize this which may even be material for propelling the two car brands. Goodbye Motors have been in the news for recent months because of the dispatch of the world㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s least expensive vehicle in India-Tata Nano fabricated by their own organization. All the while propelling two brands can help Tatas in increasing a great deal of client consideration and hence a bigger client base. The entrenched and rich brands with the mammoth esteem of Tata Motors can help the organizations in collecting tremendous measures of b enefits and overseeing their rivals. Assessment : The greatest bit of leeway of this securing is that the firm may see an expansion in deals of the vehicles because of both firms㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢ overall extravagance brand notoriety and furthermore because of the administrations and quality gave by the vehicles. And yet, the quantity of rivals in the blasting car market of India has expanded and finding out to fulfill the clients with various advertising methodologies can be expensive for the firm. Goodbye Motors can actualize different techniques, for example, publicizing and furthermore, different plans can be utilized which ensure buyer fulfillment and can likewise end up being a piece of client fascination. These systems can end up being valuable in boosting the brand picture and the deals of the organization also. Momentary issues looked by the firm might be the recouping of the costs that has been placed into the obtaining and the dispatch of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles. The high assembling expenses of Tata Motors, Jaguar and Land Rover may end up being another purpose behind the misfortunes in the records of the Tata Motors. The drawn out issues can be an expansion in rivalry as the Indian car showcase is creating at a quick rate. On the off chance that the organization endures misfortunes, at that point there may be the requirement for work redundancies, along these lines prompting specialist de-inspiration. End: To finish up, the securing of Jaguar and Land Rover brands might be unsafe because of the worldwide lull yet Tata Motors with its image name and built up nearness in India can prevail over the long haul. Goodbye Group, a colossal global monster worldwide can underwrite through cross-appropriation. I believe that by advancing the items and propelling it alongside Tata Nano will be helpful as each can be a reinforcement for the other later on. The workforce can be inspired through acceptable learning experience as they may approach the innovation utilized in assembling these top notch vehicles and yet, on the off chance that the items neglect to make a blemish on clients, the laborers may feel unreliable as occupation redundancies might be received by Tata Motors to battle with their own money related portfolio. Book index- http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE55R0LK20090628?pageNumber=2virtualBrandChannel=0 http://www.autoblogs.in/2009/06/goodbye puma land-meanderer dispatch india.html http://free-sms-mms.blogspot.com/2009/06/goodbye puma land-meanderer propelled in.html http://www.zeenews.com/news542730.html http://sify.com/fund/fullstory.php?id=14790692 http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/In-The-News/Rough-Roads-Ahead.html http://business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=1225subcatgid=611editionid=36catgid=44 http://www.tata.in/media/reports/inside.aspx?artid=r8CuZiHSZ2o= http://money.rediff.com/organizations/goodbye

Social Communication in Nation Building Free Essays

string(133) to quantify rewards it is essential, to a limited extent, to inspect economie reviews to figure out where individuals work and the amount they get paid. The premise of nationality is the feeling of having a place with a similar country and the longing with respect to its individuals to live with one another at this degree of network. At the point when the political researcher needs to de fine or find this abstract feeling of network, he has utilized such target measures as regular language, basic history, basic region, etc. Unmistakably upset these standards are an outflow of something more basicâ€shared experience. We will compose a custom exposition test on Social Communication in Nation Building or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now This common experience, which may prompt the important shared trust among individuals from a given society and to the inclination that this gathering as a gathering is not quite the same as others, contributes ceaselessly to national solidarity. National solidarity in like manner makes shared experience progressively conceivable. To decide the human and geographie outskirts of a country the political researcher must discover approaches to analyze this common experience. The issues in the Tiers Monde are more prominent as to such research than they are in Europe since a great part of the vital information are not accessible. Research at essential levels with some new techniques is important. Karl W. Deutsch, educator of political theory at Yale University, has proposed a quantitative interdisciplinary approach to inspect shared understanding and, in a roundabout way, the feeling of network. 1 He recommends that one measure the amounts of interchanges among an offered people to discover how much contact they have. For this one must utilize standards, for example, streams of letters, wires, development of vehicles, trains, planes, calls, broad communications of correspondence, area of business sectors, settlement examples, and populace developments, he says. In the event that it is conceivable to look at these changed types of correspondence, or whatever number as would be prudent of them, it is similarly conceivable, he says, to evaluate shared understanding and make forecasts about increments or diminishes in shared understanding. The primary stage in this procedure, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†. Individuals who have serious correspondences with one another are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared encounters and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of interchanges which may in the long run change a physical relationship into a full of feeling relationship. The subsequent stage is an adjustment in the assessments and perspectives of the individuals; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. Individuals find that, based on shared understanding, they convey progressively more viably with individuals from a specific culture than with others. At the end of the day, when the â€Å"communication habits† of a populace become ncreasingly normalized inside a gathering made out of littler gatherings, osmosis of the littler gatherings to the bigger one is happening: â€Å"If the measurable load of normalized experience is enormous, and the heaviness of reviewed data inside the [smaller] bunch is generally little, and the factual load of input data about the [smaller] groupâ €™s impossible to miss reactions is moreover little, at that point the reactions of such a gathering would vary from the reactions of different gatherings in a similar circumstance by a meeting arrangement, until the rest of the distinctions may fall beneath the limit of political importance. This is the procedure of osmosis. â€Å"2 People may likewise see that there are favorable circumstances as picked up in have a place ing with this new network, however there may never be a cognizant decision which is made. Since an investigation of digestion is an investigation of convictions, qualities and originations, various types of information are fundamental. Teacher Deutsch says that there are likewise quantifiable. As per him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† relies upon certain semantic, economie, and social â€Å"balances†: similitudes in phonetic propensities must be adjusted, for instance, against contrasts in esteem, material prizes for osmosis must be adjusted against remunerations for non-absorption. To gauge esteems he says it is important to give mental tests to significant quantities of people3 and to quantify rewards it is fundamental, to some degree, to look at economie studies to figure out where individuals work and the amount they get paid. You read Social Communication in Nation Building in classification Paper models The issues associated with utilizing these rules are insurmontable at present. The information for these â€Å"balances† are missing, and regardless of whether one had the men, the cash, the machines, and the time vital, or whatever number as could be allowed of them, it is similarly conceivable, he says, to evaluate shared understanding and mak e forecasts about increments or diminishes in shared understanding. The principal stage in this procedure, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†. Individuals who have concentrated interchanges with one another are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared encounters and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of correspondences which may in the end change a physical relationship into a full of feeling relationship. The subsequent stage is an adjustment in the estimations and mentalities of the individuals; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. Individuals find that, based on shared understanding, they convey progressively more viably with individuals from a specific culture than with others. As it were, the point at which the â€Å"communication habits† of a populace become progressively normalized inside a gathering made out of littler gatherings, digestion of the littler gatherings to the bigger one is happening: â€Å"If the factual load of normalized experience is huge, and the heaviness of reviewed data inside the [smaller] bunch is moderately little, and the measurable load of input data about the [smaller] group’s unconventional reactions is in like manner little, at that point the reactions of such a gathering would vary from the reactions of different gatherings in a similar circumstance by a meeting arrangement, until the rest of the distinctions may fall beneath the limit of political criticalness. This is the procedure of digestion. â€Å"2 People may likewise see that there are favorable circumstances as picked up in have a place ing with this new network, however there may never be a cognizant decision which is made. Since an investigation o f digestion is an investigation of convictions, qualities and originations, various types of information are essential. Educator Deutsch says that there are additionally quantifiable. As indicated by him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† relies upon certain semantic, economie, and social â€Å"balances†: likenesses in etymological propensities must be adjusted, for instance, against contrasts in esteem, material awards for osmosis must be adjusted against remunerations for non-absorption. To quantify values he says it is important to give mental tests to significant quantities of people3 and to gauge rewards it is fundamental, to a limited extent, to look at economie reviews to figure out where individuals work and the amount they get paid. 4 The issues engaged with utilizing these rules are insurmontable at present. The information for these â€Å"balances† are missing, and regardless of whether one had the men, the cash, the machines, and the time important, towns or in a similar town. These quantifiable information filled in as a reason for an investigation of activation. So as to approve ends dependent on the quantitative enumeration information I took a voyage through the nation during which I visited each district and lived in a couple of chosen towns for times of three days to seven days. Over the span of this visit I found that single direction to research perspectives and osmosis was by oral chronicles and originations of family relationship. My utilization of these chronicles was unique in relation to that of Professor Hubert Deschamps who had caused a broad voyage through the nation in 1961 to gather to and record oral accounts as a component of an enormous task to compose the historical backdrop of Gabon. 1 As a student of history he was normally intrigue ed in recording the realities of the past. For me, as a political specialist, the â€Å"truth† was insignificant. I was keen on history as belief system: how were available connections between clans advocated in the history, what was the spot held by neighboring clans in a given history, how were history and originations of family relationship infmenced by present settlement designs. I felt that these two rules, settlement examples and chronicles, could fill in as a reason for estimations of patterns in osmosis and preparation and could show the connection between non-quantifiable perspectives and quantifiable social correspondences. Coming up next are a portion of my discoveries. Preparation Gabon might be roughly isolated into three generai zones of assembly: places where individuals are generally non-activated, where they are in part prepared, and where they are assembled for concentrated contact with individuals of various ethnie gatherings. I have called these zones Heartland, Contact, and National. The Heartland Zone is a gathering of coterminous cantons wherein one ethnie gathering or clan unmistakably prevails with at any rate 80% of the all out populace. Internai correspondence is genuinely acceptable and might be better than implies which connect the region with different pieces of the nation. Contact Zones are on the edges of Heartland Zones; from about half to 80% of the individuals have a place with one clan. Such zones are cantons in which individuals of various clans live in bordering towns or in a similar town; or they are focuses of fascination, for example, managerial presents and markets on which individuals from various Heartlands travel consistently. They are undoubtedly along streets and streams which give a connection between Heartland Zones. There might be increasingly mechanical methods for correspondence in a Contact Zone than in a Heartland. National Zones are gatherings of touching cantons and huge focuses of

2014 Denied Freshman Information - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2014 Denied Freshman Information - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2014 Denied Freshman Information We plan to make the final wave of freshman decisions available by 5 PM today, March 28th. Unfortunately, we were not able to admit a number of strong applicants as we are limited in the size of our freshman class. We know that you have a number of other strong college options and suggest you focus on the other great opportunities that are ahead rather than on a denial from UGA. If your ultimate goal is to graduate from the University of Georgia, then we suggest you look at transfer opportunities down the road. For now, focus on your current college options, find one that fits you best, and have a great freshman year there. Please read our Denied Student FAQ if you have questions. Please remember that this is not a blog where you should post statistics or throw fellow classmates under the bus. These types of comments will be deleted.

Can The Sectors With The Most Employment Opportunities Be Defined - Free Essay Example

Part One of Four: Building skills. Can the sectors with the most employment opportunities be defined in order to better target skills training or retraining? The following briefing paper is written for the Minister for Skills, using data taken from ONS reports and with SPSS output included both here and in the appendix. Even a cursory analysis of employment rates by sector will demonstrate that patterns of industry will have an impact on employability, according to the skills of the jobseeker. An analysis of employment rates in the manufacturing and service employment sectors between 1978 and 2000 shows that there has been a clear trend towards increasing employment in the services sector, and a less marked but nevertheless clear reduction in manufacturing employment in this country (see Figure 1). The average (mean) employment rate for the manufacturing sector over the 22 years in question was 5,153,520 people, compared to 18,284,300 on average in the services sector, see Table 1. Statistic Std. Error manufacturing employment (000s) Mean 5153.52 175.619 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 4789.31 Upper Bound 5517.73 services employment (000s) Mean 18284.30 380.118 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 17495.99 Upper Bound 19072.62 Table 1, SPSS out put of ONS employment data by sector. The data, taken from ONS reports, cannot of course explain the causes of the difference, but the patterns are difficult to ignore when considering the provision of skills training. From these data, it might be assumed that someone with service sector skills would have a higher chance of employment than someone with manufacturing sector skill, all other things being equal. In fact, the scatterplot (see Figure 2) and its line of best fit show a strong negative correlation between employment levels in the services and manufacturing sectors. This is further backed up by calculation of the Pearson Correlation coefficient, which suggests a negative correlation of 0.852 between the two variables (significant at the 0.01 level). It is important then to also consider this potential relationship when forming skills policy. A further decline in manufacturing employment could, without implying causation, happen at the same time as a further increase in service sector employment and vice-versa. If we were to assume the continuation of the current trend, this places even more focus on services sector, as opposed to manufacturing, skills, although the likelihood of the continuation of this trend should be examined. These findings are supported by the recent government Skills Strategy, which found: In common with other OECD economies, there has been a broad shift in the shares of both output and employment towards services and away from manufacturing (BIS, 2009). Other studies have emphasised the scale of this shift. For example, in their article on the impact of low wage economies on employment levels in the UK manufacturing sector, Hine and Wright describe the large scale job losses seen by the manufacturing sector, and the difficulties faced particularly by unskilled manufacturing workers to obtain re-employment (Hine and Wright, 1998). The focussing of skills training and re-training t owards sectors with the highest levels of employment seems a pragmatic approach, in order to make the most of available opportunities and avoid the costs, risks and necessity of retraining those unable to find employment. The present analysis is limited by its comparison of only two sectors of employment. The picture of services and manufacturing sector employment levels compared with other areas of business and industry are not known. This limited analysis suggests that skills relevant to the services sector would give an individual a greater change of obtaining a job than skills in the manufacturing sector would. Part Two of Four: What are the main criticisms that philosophers of science have made of positivism? In its prime, positivism held the respect of many minds as a way of furthering scientific enquiry into the social world. Positivism holds that we can only know that which we have experienced. It was first espoused by Comte (1855, p26), who observed that theory and observation in science hold a circular dependence. However, it has been largely abandoned as an epistemological perspective by mainstream social scientists as too limited and assumptive, both of other research methodologies and of the nature of scientific research itself. Jurgen Habermas (1990) warned that positivism may be more like an ideology than a science, because of its unwavering trust in the truth of observed facts. Philosophers of science such as Habermas have seen that there may be many opportunities for unscientific bias to creep into a project of observation, and that what one person may consider an objective fact may seem a subjective inference to a second person. Further, the nature of the subje ct matter being examined by social scientists is such that a comparative understanding of language and history may be just as, if not more, important to the study of societies than the examination of observable facts, such as (for psychologists) behaviours. This is a similar criticism to that which is levelled against scientism, with which positivism is often associated, and which proposes that the methods of the natural sciences (such as biology, chemistry and physics) can be applied to all research studies, including those of philosophy and the social sciences. Along with this, the apparent infallibility lent to positivism by its adherents, who believed it could be applied to any scientific enterprise and was the only reliable method of study, has caused philosophers to pause over this universality and instead to conclude that observed facts, while pivotal to the study of social science, have only a partial role in the full understanding of that discipline. However, over time philosophers of science have taken the best of positivist thought and honed the nuances of the reasoning. Emile Durkheim, for example, adopted sociological positivism and developed a foundation by which it could be used to contribute to social research. Perhaps his best known use of this methodology is his work on suicide rates, when he used police statistics to compare the frequency of suicides in Catholic as opposed to Protestant communities, and to draw conclusions from this (Durkheim, 2000). In the main, however, positivism has been widely discredited. Well known philosophers of science and social science who have led criticism include Thomas Kuhn, Max Weber, who expounded sociology to be about social action rather than social science (Weber, 1998) and Georg Simmel, who focused on the associations of actors as fundamentally important to understanding society, rather than the isolated behaviours of particular actors (Simmel, 1971). These men fully rejected the more strict elements of the positivist perspective and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" indeed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" went further in their rejection by proposing an antipositivist sociology, which describes any simplistic account of science and the scientific method as deductivist (Kuhn, 1977). Positivism is now generally considered to be a building block of modern social science research, important for its role in the development of the discipline and an understanding of its history and origins, but no longer credibly held as an epistemological stance. Part Three of Four: Has the discipline of school pupils deteriorated over the last twenty years? An evaluation of a pilot interview with a teacher. This semi-structured interview gave a useful perspective of the research issue in question. The question being explored was: Has the discipline of school pupils deteriorated over the last twenty years? In order to answer this question the researcher carried out a face-to-face interview with a school teacher who had been working in schools for 23 years. The interview, which was set up through a personal connection with the school, was undertaken with a volunteer teacher on condition of anonymity both of the school and the individual teacher concerned. The researcher was obliged not to relate any findings from the interview to other members of staff/authorities at the school. This was particularly relevant because of the subject matter being discussed, which could have professional connotations for the teacher and the school, and also in the interests of any pupils who came up in discussion, to ensure that their identity could not become known. The most important thing at the beginning of the interview was to create an atmosphere and an empathetic relationship between subject and interviewer, in which the interviewer came across as non-judgemental yet interested in the subjects comments. Reflexive questioning was helpful in this regard, allowing the interviewer to remain distanced from the discussion whilst also conveying their interest and engagement with the comments and allowing further probing of the issues. It was difficult to fully maintain an empathetic manner while taking notes during the interview. It is frequently acknowledged by researchers that while a recording of the conversation may allow a more free-flowing discussion to develop, this is balanced by the greater unease that the subject may feel at being recorded and at the use the interviewer may be able to make of note taking to prompt their own memory on further questions to ask and ensuring all the important areas had been covered. In one example cited by Rafaeli (Rafael i et al., 1997), two out of twenty five interviews could not be recorded because of technical failure or subject refusal, and it may well be that the at least some of the other subjects remained aware and potentially anxious about being recorded, which could have an effect on the extent of any useful information gathered. At one stage in the semi-structured pilot interview, the subject asked the researchers opinion on something that had been discussed. The subject had been describing a particular incident in class, where a pupil had stood up at their desk and verbally threatened the teacher. Though not shaken by the recollection, the subject was clearly still unsure about what the best way might have been to handle the situation and asked the researcher what they would have done. The researcher found it difficult at this point to remain empathetic in response without being drawn too far into the discussion. Instead, the researcher commented that the situation was clearly di fficult and that there must have been several things passing through the subjects mind, and then passed another question back to the subject, asking if they had considered approaching another staff member for help. The interview could then continue on the same terms as before. The interview, while useful for gaining information on the thoughts and feelings of one staff member with copious experience in the subject area being discussed, it would not be possible to extrapolate these findings even to other staff members in the same school, still less to staff members in other schools. Therefore, it would be most helpful to build a picture of the national experience using quantitative analysis of a national dataset on school discipline or teacher experiences, and to use the findings of the interview to more fully explain the implications for particular teachers, such as to examine the emotional journey that a teacher undergoes whilst facing poor discipline or to look at the imp act of poor discipline on the mental health and wellbeing of teachers. Part Four of Four. The philosophical and methodological underpinnings of interview-based research. All social science research sits on the foundation of assumptions about the world, how the interaction of the world works, and the best ways of gaining a better understanding of it. It seems artificial, however, to base the research methodology of a particular project entirely on epistemological belief. In practice then, most researchers begin their study with a research question, and then make decisions about how to tackle the research methodology on the basis of the requirements of properly examining the question. For concision here, I will address the two major areas of research practice and the broad differences between them: quantitative research, which often requires a statistical analysis of large datasets and seeks to discover relationships between variables that might, because of their statistical significance, imply causality. The second is qualitative research, which may use a variety of methods to examine the words and thoughts of those with a role in the issue s raised by the research question. This method, while not able to make broad population-based conclusions, may lead to a more precise understanding of the interaction of the factors at work. In the case of the semi-structured interview described above, the attempt was not to address the cause of any deterioration in discipline, but to discover the fact or fiction of that deterioration. This is because the research question sought to gain evidence for the historical situation, rather than to ask why it had happened. Often, such a situation would mean that qualitative methods such as interview techniques are inadequate to answer the research question: broad assumptions about the increase across a whole population or even community cannot be made, and the researcher cannot even extrapolate the findings here to other teachers within the same school, as the issue of discipline often varies from one classroom to another. However, in this case there is a lack of reliable and fu lly informative quantitative data that would give any idea of how the situation in the classroom has changed over the last 20 years. The best statistics available might be, for example, data on the number of pupils excluded from school. There may be many other reasons for changes in this sort of data though, such as changes to headteachers motivation for or against excluding pupils and perhaps a change in teachers attitudes to solving discipline problems with exclusion. So since we have no way of satisfactorily examining the question using quantitative methods, qualitative interviewing might at least give an indication of the interacting factors and areas in which quantitative data is required to fully address the general question. Along the way, it is likely that we will discover an understanding of specific cases. In this way, the two styles, though so often approached as distant cousins, for practical purposes imply each other (Becker, 1996). It is probable that a r esearcher using tentative statistics, such as the exclusion figures mentioned above, would need to attempt to draw conclusions from their findings. Herbert Blumer (1969) said that all social scientists attribute a point of view and interpretations to the people whose actions they analyse, whether implicitly or explicitly. It may be that this kind of qualitative interview is the best way of ensuring that the point of view of the subject is accurately attributed. However, many would argue that any results of the semi-structured interview are meaningless at a community level without a foundation of quantitative research. So while the results of the interview above were interesting from the point of view of that teachers perspective, nothing can be said about the experience of other teachers in the light of this unless more is first known about those other teachers experiences. There is such a diversity of research methods now operating within the social sciences that the div ision I have made here between quantitative and qualitative methods is almost redundant. However, the principles and discussions still apply, and the methodology of each project should be assessed according to its own research question, availability of information sources, resources and projected outcomes. In the end, the important thing is the validity of the research and its findings. References Becker, H., 1996. The Epistemology of Quantitative Research. In R. Jessor, A.Colby, and R. Schweder, eds. Essays on Ethnography and Human Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Blumer, H., 1969. Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Comte, A.,1855. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Translated by Harriet Martineau. New York: Calvin Blanchard. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Skills for Growth: Analytical Paper, 2009. London: DBIS Durkheim, E,. 2000. Suicide: A study in Sociology. Translated by Spaulding, JA and Simson, G. London: Routledge Habermas, J., 1990. On the Logic of the Social Sciences. Translated by Nicholsen, S W and Stark, JA. London: MIT Press Hine, RC and Wright, PW., 1998. Trade with Low Wage Economies, Employment and Productivity in UK Manufacturing. The Economic Journal, 108 pp1500-1510. Kuhn, T., 1977., Concepts of Cause in the development of Physics, in The Essential Ten sion, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Rafaeli, A., Dutton, J E., Harquail, CV., and Lewis, S., 1997. Navigating by attire: The use of dress by female administrative employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40:1 pp9-45. Runciman, WG. ed., 1998. Weber: selections in translation. Translated by Eric Matthews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Simmel, G., 1971. On Individuality and Social Forms, edited by Levine, D. Chicago: University of Chicago Pres

English 102 Poetry Essay - 925 Words

Poetry Essay Aldain Barham Liberty University English 102 Thesis Statement: The poem is a great example of communicative techniques and display of mood. Themes of the poem include man and nature, life and religion to list a few. Because the identity of the poet isnt really entailed in the poem but further investigation on him has given me answers which prove relevant to the poem. Although the setting of the poem isnt explicitly listed in the poem one can get a feel of the setting due to the fact that it was written in 1877 which was in the industrialization era. And all of the themes are strongly conveyed within the poem and descriptive in nature. (1. Themes a. Man and Nature b. Life c. Religion (2.†¦show more content†¦As we investigate the final two line of the poem we see that the author states, â€Å"Because the Holy Ghost over the be World broods with warm breast and with ah! bright wings.† As we know the Holy Ghost has been a stable throughout religion particularly in Christianity which manifest itself within the Holy Trinity which is considered God (Father), Christ( The son) and the Holy Spirit otherwise referred to as the Holy Ghost. Aside from the main themes of the poem further investigation of the poem shows us that no true setting or time is given but, we do know that this poem was written in 1877 which was a period of industrialization and can account for the mentioning of oil within the poem. The symbolism in the setting alludes to imminent downfall of nature beginning with the industrialization era into current times were we see the implications of its effect on natures current state. 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